New Delhi: The three new criminal laws – the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) – officially came into effect on July 1, 2025. These replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), and Indian Evidence Act, respectively. This monumental overhaul aims to modernize India’s criminal justice system, though legal experts anticipate a period of adaptation and judicial interpretation as their provisions are applied.